An Epidemiological Study on the Effect of Water on Health in Tubas District PDF |
| Baker Ibrahem Abdel-Hamed Abu-Hejleh |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Yahia Faydi and - د.عصام احمد الخطيب |
| Discussion Commity |
| 90 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between water quality and health among the inhabitance of Tubas district. In order to achieve our aims, the following strategies were used: examination of available patients records from local governmental clinics; a random sample of school children (seventh grade students) and a specially designed questionnaire distributed to households. Collected data were then analyzed using the SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences). With respect to water related diseases, diarrhea was the most common disease, especially among students, followed by eye and skin diseases. There was a significant relationship between hygienic conditions and the place of residence and this was clear among the inhabitance of the village of Tammon. The percentage of water related diseases in Tammon area was the highest among the different areas as it reached 43.39%, then Tubas, and then Aqqaba. Although, a high level of wariness was reported regarding the knowledge of importance of water and health (79.7%), practices does not reflect that as most of the study population do not practice the cleaning of their water storage resources (63.7%), and only (15.8%) seems to boil water as a method for disinfection. Other practices such as lack of proper use of chlorine, raising of animal at homes and ways of collected rain water, all seems to indicate a high risk for water pollution. Reviewing patients files also seems to indicate that the area in general is suffusing from several health related problems. A significant relationship between water- related diseases and the following variables: Place of residence, quantity of available water for use, methods of water collection, public awareness, existence of toilets, the distance between toilets and water source, raising of animals at home, distance between water storage sources and sepses was observed. In conclusion, the area is suffering from several water related diseases and lack of proper water supply. |
Thursday, February 4, 2010
An Epidemiological Study on the Effect of Water on Health in Tubas District
Miscarriage among Women in Nablus
Miscarriage among Women in Nablus PDF |
| Mohanad Mahmoud Zakarneh |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Nael S. Abu-Hasan - |
| Discussion Commity |
| Dr. Nael S. Abu-Hasan (Supervisor)Dr. Abdel Latif Daraghmeh (External Examiner)Dr. Kamel Adwan (Internal Examiner |
| صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract
The current study was aimed at evaluating status of miscarriage among women in Nablus governorate. The study investigated the miscarriage categories, causes and possible associated risk factors. The study population included all pregnant women, suffering from vaginal bleeding, admitted to Rafedia Hospital for the years 1999, 2003 (hospital records) and all cases admitted all hospital concerned in obstetric and gynecology in the city of Nablus during the period January-April 2004. Total number of admitted cases for the year 1999 and 2003 was 412 and 672, respectively. While, total number of women admitted during the first 3 month of the year were 202. The findings of the current study clearly showed a dramatic increase in abortion rate in association with increased maternal age. It was also found that incomplete (43.6%) and missed (23.8%) miscarriage categories were the most prominent categories among current study population (2004). Similar findings in this regard were observed among admitted cases for the years 1999 and 2003. Differences in miscarriage rates according place of residence were statistically significant (P = 0.001). It was also found that 70.3% of the current study population suffered from previous abortions. Although consanguineous marriages were represented by 46%, none seems to suffer from recurrent abortions, thus excluding a significant role of either genetic or immunological factors. History of chronic disease including diabetes, hypertension and endocrine disorders was found among 45% of current study population. Complications from previous abortions included bleeding; infections and surgery were represented by 20%, 16.8% and 5.8%, respectively. Although 91.6% of the study population reported that they have had medical follow up during pregnancy, the findings strongly indicates low level of pregnancy awareness as 49% reported to have unplanned pregnancies, 40% did not take folic acid and 76.2% report the use of medications. With respect to possible risk factors, 28.7%, 91.1%, 66.3%, 83.7% and 74.3% reported active smoking, passive smoking, recurrent genitourinary tract infectio |
Developing a Computer Program for Analysis and Design of Reinforced Concrete Sections; AD RCS
Developing a Computer Program for Analysis and Design of Reinforced Concrete Sections; AD RCS PDF |
| Ibrahim Muhammad Ahmad Mahmood |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Abdul Razaq Touqan - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 298 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract A need for a computer program to analyze and design reinforced concrete sections for both academic education and engineering offices’ services is beyond doubt. Also, a need for having programs in Arabic language to help in communication of engineers graduated from all over the world is becoming increasingly important. This thesis presents a computer program that tries to fulfill previous needs based on ACI code and presented in both Arabic and English languages, and uses local and international units. The computer program; Analysis and Design of Reinforced Concrete Sections; AD RCS; is constructed using Visual Basic 6 programming language. The input and output data are performed using dialog boxes in windows environment. The program has the ability of analyzing reinforced concrete sections of beams, columns and single footings and also design them for flexure, shear, axial and torsion. It also introduces capacity interaction diagrams and section reinforcement details. |
Wednesday, February 3, 2010
National and Political Dimensions in the Thought and Practice of the Students Movement in An-Najah National University and its Effect on the Political
National and Political Dimensions in the Thought and Practice of the Students Movement in An-Najah National University and its Effect on the Political Development |
| Basel Mohamad Issa Abu Baker |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Prof. Abed EL-Sattar Kasseem - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 145 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract This study deals with the students' movement in An-Najah National University. The students’ movement has been chosen because it is considered one of the most important sections of society in regard to effect and size. It also has an important role in deciding the general features of the political system; it also forms the first motives for political change. This study has focused on University students because they are the most aware and impressive in this section. But the choice of An-Najah National University is due to two reasons: First,the great role of this university especially it is the largest in the West Bank as it was stated in “Statistics Guide for the Palestinian Universities and Institutes 1997/98 “which was Published by the Ministry of Higher Studies in Sep 1998, except for AL-Quds Open University which applies Tele-education system. Second, it is situated in Nablus, the largest of the Palestinian Northern cities and the nearest to the center. Third, for decreasing effort while Israeli policy of closure and isolation of Palestinian areas is continuous. This study tries to state the political and national dimensions in the thought and practice of the students, movement, taking into consideration that the national dimensions serve the public national welfare and that the political dimensions form preventive measures against falling in small restrictive parties and individual affairs. This study aims to follow up the harmony and agreement between theories and practices which is embodied in the daily speeches of the students, movement at An-Najah National University. This study has been distributed on four cores which are: Concepts and previous studies, thought and practice in Palestine and the Arab countries, the Palestinian student’s movement, the political and national dimensions in theory and practice of the students' parties in An-Najah National University. The study has come out with some results. The most important are the following: The declination of the role of the students, movement at An-Najah National University in the sphere of the national struggle, democratic construction and syndicalistic work after Oslo agreement while keeping the periodic election of a students, council. The efforts of the students didn’t unite to form one resort representative for the Palestinian students, movement because the Palestinian General Union of Palestinian Students failed to be a true representation for the students, movement in the Palestinian Universities. On the other hand, the students, movements at An-Najah National University wasn’t committed to its elective choice, which weakened the representative role of the students, council as it didn’t represent the different parties of the students, movement. The students, movement accepted the orders and pressure of Palestinian Political groups and their power centers, thus it became dependent though it is supposed to be independent. The student leaders adopted individual spontainious approach in leading the students, movement without involving the students in planning programs and Polices besides the absence of women in the leadership of this movement. Concerning the relation with the social and political environment, the Palestinian authority played an important role in weakening the students, movement by including those who support Oslo agreement and arresting the active opponents. While the relation with the university administration and deanship of student affairs was full of anxiety and disagreement, the relation with the teaching staff was not comprehensive or academic. It was affected by the political situations. Moreover, the relation with the local community declined after the halt of the voluntary work. The narrow political dimensions and private welfare formed the criterion of the students, confederation instead of the national dimensions and the public welfare. The students' movement failed in devoting free of opinion and multiplicity. Instead, mutual threat and suspicion of patriotism prevailed. In addition, the students, parties exchanged accusation of telling lies and financial corruption and practiced violence against each other. All these things have negative effects on the political development in Palestine. |
The Phenomenon of Political Violence in the Palestinian Political System
The Phenomenon of Political Violence in the Palestinian Political System PDF |
| Saleh Ahmad Abdel Khaleq Taha |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Basem Ezbidi - |
| Discussion Commity |
| صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract This study aims to answer the question concerning the effect of the absence of political integration on political violence in the palestinian political system. To answer this question the study based on the hypothesis which indicates-there is a correlation between the absence of political integration and political violence in Palestine. The approach I used is the analytical descriptive method as this provides tools and procedures to disclose the phenomenon and to pinpoint its clues. Besides, there is a possibility of analysis and detecting reasons that lead to the rise of the phenomenon. In addition, this approach allows us to recommend and put forward suggestion to control the phenomenon and predict its future. The study is divided into four chapters together with an introduction and a summery. The first part deals with the framework of the concept. This enabled me to discuss and analyse the basic concept of the study and disclose the nature of relation among its parts. The concept of political integration and its causes were dealt with in the first part. I also discussed the way it affects and leads to the rise of political violence which is another substantial concept in the study. The second chapter deals with the possibility of detecting and analyzing signs of political violence in Palestine. It was concluded that the phenomenon is a reality in Palestine. There have been many types of violence: official and public. The most frequent political sings are detention, demonstration and riots. |
Impact of Commercial Banks’ Credit Policy on Private Investment in Palestine
Impact of Commercial Banks’ Credit Policy on Private Investment in Palestine PDF |
| Jaser Mohammed Sai’d Al-Khalil |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Prof. Basim Makhool - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 214 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract This thesis aimed at studying the credit policy of the operating commercial banks in Palestinian Territories. Moreover, this study aimed at finding its links and correlation with private investment as well as its impact on investment development and trends. Furthermore, this study aimed at finding out answers for following study’s key issues, in order to improve the hypothesis that the Commercial Banks’ Credit Policy has impact on Private Investment in Palestine: ü What the concepts, determinants and aspects of the credit policy and its role to manage the risks and its impact on banking performance? ü What are the important determinants of the credit’s supply and demand, whether in general level or on Palestine? ü What is the role of the credit policy of the operating commercial banks in Palestine in supporting and directing the private investments? ü What are the determinants and the relationships between credit policy and the private investment? And how to measure it? ü What are the mathematical and econometric models that are used for studying and analyzing these relationships? What is the possibility of implementing it on Palestinian reality? ü To what extend the credit policy is participating in determining the level, concentrations and structure of the private investment? ü What are the needed approaches to support the positive aspects and to develop the corrective actions? To achieve the purpose of this study, the researcher used off-site research and analysis mode, which is based on periodic reports issued by Palestine Monetary Authority (PMA), official Statistics of Palestine Central Bureau of Statistics (PCPS), Palestine Economic Policy Research Institute (MAS), UNDP’s publications and Arab Monetary Fund’s reports as well as circulars, regulations and instructions that were issued by PMA or other related parties, which impact the credit facilities’ demand and supply. In addition, to the descriptive analytical approach, the researcher applied other quantitive analytical approaches, such as: means compare model, elasticity analytical model, sample regression model, multi-regression model and Granger-causality model. The SPSS and Shazam software analytical programs were used to apply these models. This study concludes to the necessity of focusing on orienting the efforts to promote and induce the demand on investments. This goal needs real support for investment and infrastructure. It also needs increasing the credit facilities and active credit policy, in a way that allows optimal use and allocation the fund resources to support private investment, as a result of the feedback relationship between these variables. The credit policy role for inducing investment is subject to various factors that command investment environment in Palestine and leads to limiting its developmental role in that respect. However, the credit policy has some negative effect on investment, as this study showed. This has negative impact on the credit policy vital direction and its funding role to motivate investment process. Whereas, banking sector is over liquid, it became as a channel to bleed the national savings. Related parties that are concerns with this issue did not worked enough to find out approaches to lead its activities toward medium and long term funding policy as well as banking sector did not play its economic- social role, as needed, as the economic development, and supporting the local investments are not included on its credit policy priorities, as well. |
The Role of Fisical Policy in Increasing Labor Absorptive Capacity for the Palestinian Economy
The Role of Fisical Policy in Increasing Labor Absorptive Capacity for the Palestinian Economy PDF |
| Shadi Mohammed Ibraheem Othman |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Atef Alawneh - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 169 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract This study aimed at acquainting with the role of the financial policy adopted be the Palestinian authority in increasing the comprehendible capability for the Palestinian economy. The study started in limiting the comprehendible capability of the Palestinian economy on the whole level during the period (1968-2001) so that it was divided into three periods like the following: (1968-1987), (1978-1996), (1996-2001). The study referred to the decrease of the comprehendible capability volume, where it reached during the three mentioned periods respectively to 20.7%, 75.7%, 58.7%, of the acting labor forces volume in the same period. The study returned the cause of comprehend dibble cop ability decrease volume to the rise of growth average of the work in a uniform manner faster than its demand growth and that led to the rise of gap volume between the capability and the acting forces volume, where as volume of that gap during the three periods respectively reached to 24%, 34.4%, 33%, of the acting forces volume. Then the role of tax policy was analyzed in increasing the comprehendible capabilities to the Palestinian economy through studying aims and directions of the tax policy and a group of policies and measures which the policies and measures which the Palestinian followed to influence the Palestinian tax system, and the extent of its applicability to achieve the aim of comprehendible capability increase to the Palestinian economy. The study showed that the tax policy adopted by the Palestinian Authority was applicable for encouraging the private sector to invest in Palestine. But the study showed the influencing the comprehendible capability volume to the Palestinian economy and whole investment volume because of the reiterate and security laxity of the political and security atmosphere which limited the hopeful role the tax policy may play in encourages and motivating the in and out investments that negatively affected its capability on widening the local production base of the Palestinian economy. After that the role of public expenses in increasing the comprehendible Palestinian economy was analyzed through studying the aims and directions of public expenses of the Palestinian authority. And the study also showed that the policy of public expenses the Palestinian authority followed was suitable for increasing the comprehendible capability. Whereas expenditure of the infrastructure removed various obstacles before the investment, and the volume of capital formation reached to 37.7% of the whole local income. This was because of the increase of public investment importance as the public investment rate rose to the public expenditure volume from 16% in 1996 to 20% in 2001, in comprehending great volume employment in the Palestinian economy during 1996-2001. And in spite of this the Palestinian authority remained limited in the field of public expenditure because of the limits imposed by the temporary stage agreements from one side and measured of occupation of the other.
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The Credit Policy in the Palestinian Banks
The Credit Policy in the Palestinian Banks PDF |
| Amjad Azat Abed-Almazoz Issa |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Nur Abu-Rub - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 126 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract The aim of this study is to know the banks in Palestine are aware of the standards of the credit which known all over the world, and the effects of these standards on the credit policy in the Palestinian banks. It is found that these standards have deferent effects in these banks. So, that reach (75.27%). But the level take interest in this standard to reach (87.77%). Also, the reputation of the agent and his morals are very important as credit standards. All over the world. So, the collateral this standard becomes very high in the Palestinian banks to reach (83.07%). But the power of the agent doesn't have high consideration from the banks in Palestine. So, this standard has a middle level to be (76.39%). The banks in Palestine take interest in the economic conditions with high level to be (75.02%). Other factors were added to the these standards that affect the accepting or refusing the credit form. For example demand of sector (type of sector)the agent's work has a very important role in affecting the credit policy in the Palestinian banks. This factor has a high level to be (72.02%). But having cash in the bank and its effect in accepting or refusing the credit forms has a high level to reach (71.70%). It is noticed above that the ability of income has the highest consideration among the other standards motioned. The banks in Palestine consider that this standard has high importance so, it is important to study the ability of income of the agent before accepting the credit form and his ability to pay bank. The loan in the fixed time. The reputation of the agent and his morals is the second factor in accepting or refusing the credit forms in the Palestinian banks. So, it doesn't help if the agent doesn't intend to pay bank the loan in spite of the other standards. Finally, accordions to this analyzing above, the theories in the study are rejected be cause they show the effect of all the factors in the credit policy but not equally, and this nesult comes after collecting the information form the banks in the west bank. |
The Reasons That Call For Reforming Palestinian Indirect Taxation Laws
The Reasons That Call For Reforming Palestinian Indirect Taxation Laws PDF |
| Majid Mohammad Yousef Rabi |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr . Atef Alawneh - |
| Discussion Commity |
| صفحة |
| Abstract : |
The resoans that call for reforming the palestaniane indirect taxation laws Prepered by Majid mohammad yousef rabi Supervised by Dr. Atef alawnehAbstract This study aimed to identify the reasons that calls for reforming the indirect taxes in Palestine, through identifying the indirect taxes which are applied in Palestine to what extent these taxes proper for the Palestinian economy, and going on the development of these taxes since the British Mandate Period, the Jordanian Governing Period, Then the Israeli Occupation, and Ending with the Palestinian Authority Period. There was a high lighting for the role of indirect tax revenues with all their parts (Value Added Tax, Purchase Tax, Custom & Excise), in tax revenues, domestic revenues and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) according to its contribution with absolute values and ratios .In order to achieve, data and information related to different revenues saved resources were such as the publication of the International Bank, the Ministry of Finance and others. The researcher used some taxes scales which are needed to identify the tax burden for indirect taxes, know how much are indirect taxes taking use of their tax bases, and then to compare them with several countries in which their economical levels are similar. To assure this, standard prices scale was used. Furthermore, the researcher depending on the achieved results put primar |
Information Economies in Palestine Reality and Prospects
Information Economies in Palestine Reality and Prospects PDF |
| Baker Yaseen Mohammed Shtayyah |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Mahmood Abu-Alrub - |
| Discussion Commity |
| صفحة |
| Abstract : |
This study aims at pointing at a research sight can be described by new in the Arab aria in general and the Palestinian in specific. Where it throws light in what is known worldly information –based economy, which the study dealt with throw seeing the worldly special literature. The study lighted on the Palestinian knowledge –based society structure, which can be considered the original base, and the row material of the information based economies. The researcher built cluster showed the Palestinian primitive knowledge, which starts from the family passing the educational sector, the movement of the educational research and the technical development reaching the invention on which the worldly new economics based on. By studying the international literature which is used for limiting and measuring the size of information activities, a Palestinian suggested classification could be made throw which the information economics divided on its base in tow primitive information sector and the other its secondary. The primary information sector includes the information activities which produces value added and it includes all the workers in the establishments which produces or affords services with knowledgeable content, and these activities can be divided in to four main groups: The activities of producing knowledge, the activities of preparing knowledge, the activities of the main structures of knowledge. The secondary information sector includes the internal information activities which doesn’t curry the market price and doesn’t produce value added, and it concerns all the workers in all other sectors, and the economic activities like agriculture, industry and services and they work in activities with knowledgeable content. |
The Wage Structure and Determinants in the Palestinian Industry and their Impact on Competitiveness
The Wage Structure and Determinants in the Palestinian Industry and their Impact on Competitiveness PDF |
| Bader Fahim Salem Alhusoon |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Prof. Basim Makhool - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 141 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
The importance of this study comes through wages and labor cost (production cost) which are composing an important rate in production cost of Palestinian Industry. It registered 16.8% of the total of production cost and occupied the second grade in 1999. Therefore, it plays a basic role in determining competition power for the Palestinian produce. This study is aiming at assessing wage function and wage efficiency function in the Palestinian Industry to be acquainted with the impact of labor’s productivity and his share in the capital. To achieve study objectives, the author had analyzed the main economic indicators that linked to wage and its existing interrelations by using the description method based on industrial survey findings released by PCBS for the periods between (1994- 2002) while the qualitative analysis was based on the assessment of wage function and wage efficiency function by regression analysis of the raw data of industrial survey of 1999. The final findings of this study of 1999 shows a different in wage average between male laborers and female laborers in industry in favor to male laborers with an increase reached to 57% of the female wages. There is also variations in wage average according to kind of work, where workers in the administrative jobs are receiving wages higher than those who work in the production with an increase reached 86%. In addition, there is a variation in wage average in the various industrial activities. It is noticed that an increase in the laborers productivity in Palestinian Industries with a rate of 271% of their wage average. The most important results of estimated wage function was represented in the decrease of the impact of each laborers productivity and their share in the capital from the wage average in industry as a whole, where this impact which represented 20.1% and 6% respectively. The difference in the impact of laborers productivity and their share in the capital was clear on the laborers wage according to various industrial activities, which reflects the differences in the nature of these industrial activities and the surrounding environment. As for the estimated results of wage efficiency function, there is an obvious positive impact of wages on laborers productivity in Palestinian industry, where the rate of impact reached 8.6% with a difference in this impact according to the economic activity. It is worthy to mention that there are other factors which have impact on laborers wage, in addition to their productivity and capital share, and they are presented basically in the characteristics of the laborers & land lords which requires to implement a special survey as attached with the annual industrial survey which is done by Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) to enable us to study the various factors and determinants that affect the laborers wages in Palestinian industry in more comprehensive way. According to the final results of the study, I have summed up the following recommendations that are aiming at improving the productivity level and improving competitiveness power which affects laborers’ wages. And these recommendations are as follows: Developing effective administrative regulations adopting regulations of wages to matching with the nature of the these industrial establishments and the changes in living standards through abiding to the Palestinian Labor Law, increasing their human capital (training and vocational rehabilitation), in addition to applying the Total Quality Management (TQM) and the ISO regulations. Industrial Associations must play their roles. Applying and encouraging a taxation policy for investment purposes in the Palestinian industry. Focusing on capital as aiming to reduce production cost, producing more quantities of goods with high quality a long with improving skills of laborers and training them on suitable modern equipments, tools and technology which are necessary to the production process specially to labor intensive industries. And encouraging self expansion or amalgamation between small industries whi |
The Effect of Excuse and Disaster on Agreement of Sale and Trade Study Compared with Law
The Effect of Excuse and Disaster on Agreement of Sale and Trade Study Compared with Law PDF |
| Nizar Ahmad Issa Ewidat |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Abd El-Men'em Abo Qahooq - |
| Discussion Commity |
| صفحة |
| Abstract : |
The Effect of Excuse and Disaster on Agreement of Sale and Trade Study Compared with Law ByNizar Ahmad Issa Ewidat Supervisor Dr. Abd El-Men'em Abo Qahooq Abstract The subject of this study summarized around the concept of emergency conditions and its effect on renting and selling contract. Through this study I explained that the well learned Muslims are the first who defined the emergency conditions in terms of concept and applying not the men's of law. Also .I explained that the ides of emergency conditions in the Islamic and civil intelligence based on the principles of justice. Moreover, I found out the similarity and differences between Islamic intelligence and civil law in terms of concept and restrain of emergency condition in both of them. Also, I explained the concept of excuse and disaster from the perspective of old well learned Muslims. And the legitimaty of disaster and considers the excuse and difference between well learned from accepting and rejecting because they affect on the compulsion of contract. Then, I explained the result of that effect based on excuse and disaster but the separat |
Religious Understanding guidelines For Enjoining The Right And Forbidding The Wrong General Sharia Defense
Religious Understanding guidelines For Enjoining The Right And Forbidding The Wrong General Sharia Defense PDF | |
| Nasser Khalil Mohammad Abu Dayyeh | |
| Supervisor(s) | |
| Dr. Jamal Ahmad Zeid Al-Kilani - | |
| Discussion Commity | |
| صفحة | |
| Abstract : | |
Abstract The thesis is divided into preface and three main chapters. The preface emphasizes the importance of enjoining the right and forbidding the wrong in preserving the Islamic Sharia aims through its rank as one of necessity. It also asserts its importance in Islamic governance as essential part of all of its features. The first chapter handles the concept of enjoining the right and forbidding the wrong linguistically and terminologically. It also discusses the comprehensive definition of the concept and related terminology. The concept of sharia defense is given special attention together with its religious roots. I also explained the order of enjoining the right and forbidding the wrong in view of general legality and the kind of "must" pertinent to it.
I discussed the stages of enjoining the right and the forbidding the wrong in the third chapter. I pinpointed the preceding bases, religious understanding of the de facto situation together with its concept and religious roots. Also I discussed the religious understanding of the priorities: concept and roots; the interest with its concept and its guidelines and appreciation in sharia. All are related to the concept of enjoining the right and forbidding the wrong. Also I dealt with degrees of straightening the wrong: through direct hand action and its guidelines; through the tongue and its guidelines. I ended chapter in providing the rules of trespassing and violation in the process of enjoining the right and forbidding the wrong. Finally, I concluded my research with many guidelines that should be observed in as far as the subject of thesis is concerned. Hoping that the benefit will materialize. I recommended all Moslem preachers to observe these guidelines. | |
Lease Leading To OwnershipOne of the present – day applications concerning contraction within the Islmic law
Lease Leading To OwnershipOne of the present – day applications concerning contraction within the Islmic law PDF |
| Mohammed Yousef Areif Haj- Mohammed |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Jamal Ahmad Z.Al-kelanee - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 287 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Lease Leading To Ownership One of the present – day applications concerning contraction within the Islmic law By Mohammed Yousef Areif Haj- Mohammed Supervisor Dr. Jamal Ahmad Z.Al-kelanee Abstract The subject of this research is the contract of tenancy that is concluded with ownership , from the contemporary applications for the contract of tenancy in the Islamic jurisprudence , consisting of five chapters.
The first chapter has been in two sections In the first of which I`ve brought forward a summary about the contract of tenancy in the islamic jurisprudence where I`ve tackled the most outstanding features of this contract. I`ve staded its legality and importance to alleviate the lives of people. I`ve discussed in it the most important rules of this contract. In the second section , I`ve dealt with the meaning of contracting in language and Islamic jurisprudence; as well, as the banning and permission lingually and terminologically. Then I`ve reviewed the juristic personal opinions pertaining to the contractual dealing;and I`ve illustrated the views of those saying that the origin is the banning of contracts and those saying that it is permitting them with their evidences.
In the second section, I`ve spoken about the rise of tenancy contracts ending with possession.I`ve reviewed the characteristics of this contract pertaining to the purchaser and seller. Then,I`ve stated the closest identical contracts for tenancy ending in possession. |
Hiafa’s Fief and it’s Role in the Islamic Franksh Struggle (943-690H/1100-1291 A.D)
Hiafa’s Fief and it’s Role in the Islamic Franksh Struggle (943-690H/1100-1291 A.D) PDF |
| Abd Al-Rahim Sa’d Addin Abu Ann |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Jamal Mohamd Judeh - الدكتور سعيد عبد الله البيشاوي |
| Discussion Commity |
| صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Fief and it’s Role in the Islamic Franksh Struggle (943-690H/1100-1291 A.D) Prepared By Abd Al-Rahim Sa’d Addin Abu Ann Supervised By Dr. Jamal Mohamd Judeh Dr. Said Abd Allah Bishawi Abstract The study of Frankish wars have attracted the attention of modern historians and researchers both in west and east as one conflict between west and east in the middle ages due to their significant influences and results. Although of the many research conducted investigating Frankish wars, they don’t cover all their stages and facts. Therefore this field is still an important field to researchers higlightenning some of it’s ambiguous aspects. Because the topic of Haifa city hasn’t been studied, I chose this topic to be the central point of my investigations which is titled by “Haifa’s feudalism and it’s Role In The Islamic Frankish Struggle from 493-690H11100-1291A.D “ whatever the matter was, the Frankish people captured most of Aisham and Palestine by force, and they applied the European feudal system in the east with some few modifications due to the nature of these countries. The Frankish had established three districts: Al-radaha, Antakia, and Tarablus. In addition, they established the Frankish Kingdom of Bait Al-maqdis which was divided to four districts: Saeda baronial, yaffa and Askalan, Al-jalil, and over Jordan. There were also twelve fiefs districts: Haifa, Nablus, Arsu |
Nablus Municipality Under The British Mandate (1918 -1948)
Nablus Municipality Under The British Mandate (1918 -1948) PDF |
| Saadeh Ali Saadeh Ali |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Prof. Nezam Izat Abbasi - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 151 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Nablus was one of the Palestinian cities that belong to the group of the Kanaa 'neet cities .It took its name from the people and tribes who lived there. It's said that Skeim and Neyablos and Damascus the small. It is judged by many people and countries who influenced in a way or another on its history with out losing its original Kanaa'neet nature. It took its importance from its important geographical site which gave special quality that distinguished it from all other Palestinian cities, mentioned in many of the Arab and Muslim books. They praise it and described its beauty and its good climate, its much wealth and its plentiful water, even some had sung in it. The Utmans entered it in 1516, like all other cities in Syria and they put their famous men and joined them to their states and with the end of the judgment, it became centre for the district and the government. In the middle of the 19th century, the administrative reformity process covered it and it's adopted by the Uthman government, among them, establishing Municipalities in the cities of the Uthman state. In 1868, the first Municipal council was established presided over by Refa't Tufaha ,it comes after Jerusalem and the Uthmans issued many laws and systems in order to organize its council, to become after all an internal system showed the way of choosing the administrative staff and the right for nomination and other works. The Municipal council (presided by 27 persons from 1868-1918) was enabled to carry out several works which have a great influence on the development and prosperity of the city, on top, building schools, cleanness, improving lightning and maintaining the water springs. On the 21st of Sept.,1918, the British occupied the city of Nablus, they changed its administrative condition to fit their colonial plans and to go with the greed of the Zionist movement. To establish a home for the Jews in Palestine, once made it follow the district, another made it a centre for the district and they tried to capture on its Municipal council which they considered it a little and a front for the city, so they appointed a court martial to the city to have the first and the last word considering the public life in the city. Despite the British tries to capture and control the council, but it kept its national belonging and it led the political struggle movement in the city and adopted it, and achieved many achievements in the field of services and they improved lightning, roads, water and schools, besides looking after the matter of cleanness which formed a burden on the council after the Mandate Government left it. After the death of the chief of the council Omar Zu'eter in 1924, the council entered a new phase, which the political divisions and events on the yard of the national work a great influence on it. In 1925, the process of electing the council took place and two blocs were completed on its administrative staff. The bloc of Sulaiman Tuqan won it putting himself the trench of opposition to preside the Palestinian National Movement Haj Amin Hussaini which negatively influenced on the relation of the Municipal Council with the national forces. The council in this period between (1915-1934) could do many achievements and the city was connected by a net Work of electrical lightning and a net work of pipe line was also used. In 1934 the Mandate Government announced making new elections for the council, the only nominative was Sulaiman Tuqan and his bloc who were officially announced as winners in recommendation. His period which continued between 1934- 1948 was distinguished by the decrease in the standard of his achievements, it seemed that the reason for that refers to the events of the second world war and its results, also the growth of the Palestinian Resistant Movement in which the Mandate government used the policy of Iron firt which weakened the council abilities. |
Staging and Monitoring in Arabic and Non-Arabic Media Discourse
Staging and Monitoring in Arabic and Non-Arabic Media Discourse PDF |
| Adas, Dana Omar Abed Al-Kareem |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Ruqayah Herzallah - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 1. Dr. Ruqayah Herzallah (First Supervisor) 2. Dr. Odeh Odeh (Second Supervisor) 3. Dr. Nabil Alawi (Committee Member) 4. Dr. Ahmad Atawneh (External Examiner). |
| صفحة |
| Abstract : |
This study aims at finding out how Arab & Western Media writers reflect their own manipulative reportage. In plain terms, the purpose of this study is to objectively foresee the responses of the readers through studying the hidden perspectives in media discourse. In the course of analyzing the texts from a discoursal perspective, the researcher will highlight how Arab and Non-Arab media writers stage their language. The analytical categories of the study include staging (thematic structures and linearization, passivization or activization, and lexical choice). Staging reveals how the writer’s topic area is structured and how avoiding staging, especially in media discourse, receives no cooperation on part of the readers, i.e. there is a good likelihood that they aren't implicitly affected. For the sake of analysis, three topics from six Arab, and six Non-Arab newspapers, are extracted. This data is analyzed in accordance with discourse analytical approaches (Brown and Yule, 1983; Beaugrande & Dressler, 1981). In this vein, one can understand how media is effectively manipulated in the Arab & Non-Arab Worlds. Other samples from expository news reports translated from Arabic into English are to be chosen to see how Arab translators render the texts into English since the study builds on the assumption that foreigners may read what Arabs write. The study ends with the conclusion that Arab media discourse (according to the present analysis) addresses two views, one defending the Israelis, and the other favouring the Palestinians. The former is portrayed through implicit linearization, i.e. linearization of themes. The latter is supported through (inconsistent) lexical emotiveness. When the text is translated into English, there is a good chance that it would not reflect the Palestinian viewpoint. Arab media writers may unintentionally order the themes in a way reflecting the Israeli attitude. It is this (un)intentionality that should be taken at face value. The study recommends that translators exert all their effort to transfer the actual viewpoint of the Arab public, and not that of the political parties or leaders. Arab writers, of the presented data, are required to pay attention to staging devices in media discourse especially when it comes to its indirect and hidden modes such as linearization. |
Detection of Chlorpyrifos and Penconazole Residues in Grape Leaves and Fruit by Gas Chromatography/ Mass Spectrometry
Detection of Chlorpyrifos and Penconazole Residues in Grape Leaves and Fruit by Gas Chromatography/ Mass Spectrometry PDF |
| Safa' Abed- Alsalam Ahmad Sama'neh |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Yacoub Batta - د. نضال زعتر |
| Discussion Commity |
| 1. Dr. Yacoub Batta\ Supervisor 2. Dr. Nidal Zatar\ Co-Supervisor 3. Dr. Raqi Shubietah\ Internal Examiner 4. Dr. Ziad Al – Shaksher\ External Examiner |
| 59 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
An orchard of grapevine was used to determine the residues of chlorpyrifos (Dursban®) and penconazole (Ofir ®) pesticides during the growing season 2003. Samples of grape leaves and fruits (cortex and flesh) were taken from the orchard after application of both pesticides to determine these residues. The effect of the number of sprays, and the time after the spray application on the residues of both pesticides was studied. The effect of washing the previously treated fruits with both pesticides on the residues of the two pesticides was also investigated. Gas Chromatography / Mass Spectrometry (GC- MS) was used to determine the residues in grapevine organs and in washing water of treated fruit. Results obtained in this study have indicated the presence of both pesticide residues in all tested samples, but chlorpyrifos residues were detected in larger quantities than penconazole residues. Amounts of residues of both pesticides determined in the fruit cortex were larger than that in the fruit flesh. Their residues in washing water of treated fruits were always lower than that in both cortex and flesh. This indicates the systemic action of both pesticides and therefore the process of washing treated fruit with water two weeks after application of the last spray was not efficient in removing the residues in fruit. Overall results indicated that the determined quantities of chlorpyrifos and penconazole residues in the cortical tissues of treated fruit after application of the 6th sprays of both pesticides were higher than the quantities determined by other authors but they were less than the maximum residue limits (MRLs) defined by the residue legislation in the other countries. This will lead us to compensate the increase in the pesticide usage by using other non-chemical practices such as integrated pest management (IPM). |
The Use of Treated Gray Water For Irrigation of Rainfed Olives
The Use of Treated Gray Water For Irrigation of Rainfed Olives PDF |
| Abdullah Salim Abdullah Othman |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Hassan Abu- Qaoud - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 1.Dr. Hassan Abu Qaoud,Supervisor 2.Dr.Zakareia Salawdeh, External Examiner 3. Dr. Numan Mizyed, Internal Examiner |
| 48 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
The effect of different water regimes with different quality on the growth and production of “Nabali” olive cultivars was studied. Three levels of fresh water (20, 25 and 30 CM) and three levels of treated gray waste water (20, 25, and 30 CM) were used. A control treatment without irrigation was also included. Thirty year old olive cv “Nabali” trees were irrigated from April to July with the different water treatments, each level was applied for a tree. Irrigation water was applied by drip laterals. The experiment was conducted as Beit Doko village close to Jerusalem. Gray waste water was treated through a gravel and filter plant. Both types of water significantly increased olive yield compared to that obtained in the control. A higher vegetative growth (shoot number and length) was obtained with higher water level (30 CM / tree) treated water. Higher olive fruit production was obtained with both olive 30 CM / tree of fresh and treated water. Non irrigated trees exhibited the lowest production and shoot growth.
Both higher levels (25 and 30 CM) of water treatment gave significantly higher oil percent, product or oil acidity and refractive index were not highly influenced by water treatments. These results influenced by the water treatments. These results indicated that this kind of treated wastewater is suitable for application to olive orchards. |
THE JINN IN THE IGNORANTPOETRY
THE JINN IN THE IGNORANTPOETRY PDF |
| Haleemah Khaled Rasheed Saleh |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Ihsan Al-Deek - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 321 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract This research talks about the Jinn in the ignorant poetry. The significance of studying this research is clear in reveling some sides from the thought of the ignorant human who is considered a part from the thought of the old and modern Arabic human and about the similarity of basic legends for the people of the old world and its overlap in literature. In addition, it clarifies and illustrates the origin of these legends and fables and the ability of the ignorant poet in employing his imaginations and obsessions in his poetry. The nature of the research necessitated to divide it into introduction, six chapters and a conclusion. In the first chapter, I talked about the Jinn in the old human and Arabic tradition. I reached that the Jinn has a high position and importance for these nations because they looked to it a look full with holiness, fear and desire, they attributed to it all things they noticed from natural phenomena, and what follow them from illness and other things in the absence of the divine and scientific law. The Jinn occupied a vital position on the levels of the Christian and Jewish religions; they attributed to it the fall affair and the results resulted from it as evils and discomforts. In the second theme, I presented the ignorant Arabs' look for the Jinn and the things which they were practicing as slogans and rituals to get its consent and acceptance to be near to it and prevent its hurt. I proved through it the link of intellectual, cultural and human communication among the different nations. As regards to the second chapter, I specialized it to talk about the linguistic and conventional concept. On the other hand, I illustrated what they carry from the meanings of hiding which are supported with the opinions of many historians. Then I talked about the types of the Jinn and its levels. I noticed that its world is similar to the world of the human from its class and varied construction, and I talked about its forms and shapes which reflected that primitive naive mentality which made these illusions and claims. As regards to chapter three, I began it by talking about the relation of the Jinn with the human through what has mentioned in the ignorant poetry beginning with the conflict of the Jinn with the human and passing with utilizing the Jinn for the benefit of the human and the attempt of the ignorant human to be near from it by all means. Then I displayed the possibility of coupling between the Jinn and the human and the things which resulted from these relations from compound product. Then I moved to the role of the evils in the process of poetic innovation, in the magic and clergy. In the fourth chapter, I talked about the relation of the Jinn with the animal, and its taking for some animals as means to ride on them, then the possibility of forming the Jinn and its reincamation to the forms of some animals and what follow that from slogans and rituals such as startling and hanging the heel of the rabbit…etc. Then I moved to talk in the fifth chapter about the places in which the Jinn and ghouls are found, then I presented the desert effect in the self of the ignorant human and his mentality and the extent of reflecting this effect on his imaginations and obsessions which encouraged him to create these illusions and imagination these creatures. I stood with its relation with dams, mountains and valleys, and the look of the Arabs for these places and what followed that from its holiness and fear from its penetrating, besides I illustrated the effect of the fables, legends, beliefs and the old religions in them. With regards to chapter six, I stood with the poetic image concept, then I moved to talk about the significance of the Jinn image in the ignorant poetry beginning with the mythology side and what follows it from religious affairs and proved the ability of the ignorant poet to get his subject from mythological, historian and religious origins. Then the social side through which I reached to the attempt of the ignorant poet to make varied and social relations with these creatures. Besides, I talked in the psychological side about the effect which the Jinn excited in the selves of the ignorant persons as fear, holiness and admiration. Then I presented in the conclusion the most important results to which the research reached. |
Harnessing The Hereditary Udai Ibn Zaid Al-Abaddi’and Ummaya Ibn Abi e-salt e-Thaqafi’s Poetry
Harnessing The Hereditary Udai Ibn Zaid Al-Abaddi’and Ummaya Ibn Abi e-salt e-Thaqafi’s Poetry PDF |
| Sana Ahmed Saleem Abdullah |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Ehsan El-Deek - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 459 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Harnessing The Hereditary Udai Ibn Zaid Al-Abaddi’s and Ummaya Ibn Abi e-Salt e-Thaqafi’s Poetry BySana Ahmed Saleem Abdullah Supervisor Dr. Ehsan El-DeekAbstract This study dwelt on the traditional. The importance of studying the traditional stems from its significant impact on society”, and human, religious, historical and literary ideology, for any development in any society needs appropriate effective, well-developed, cultural and social foundations which meet needs of people. The study, in addition to a preface and an intorudtion, had seven chapters and highlighted its significance in the past and at present. The researcher came to the conclusion that the interest in and scientific study of the traditional has a significant impact on poets’ minds and psyches as well as their education, thus reflecting all that in their poetry. Chapter one was devoted to the poets’ presence in both time and place. Each one represented a different environment, a different religion and culture. They interacted with them and liven the events of their eras and employed the traditional in an impressive fashion. In chapter two, the researcher surveyed the sources of the traditional in the pre-Islamic era as both poets had “durnk” from the same spring. The researcher dwelt on the environment and its impact on the Arab mentality, the ancient religious thought, the wonders of the Arabs and the historical events. |
Al-Fieyet Ibn Malik Between Ibn A'qeel and Al-Khudari
Al-Fieyet Ibn Malik Between Ibn A'qeel and Al-Khudari PDF |
| Ziad Tawfiq Mohammad Abu Kishk |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Professor Ahmad Hasan Hamed - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 279 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Al-Fieyet Ibn Malik Between Ibn A'qeel and Al-Khudari Prepared by Ziad Tawfiq Mohammad Abu Kishk Supervised by Professor Ahmad Hasan Hamed
Abstract Thank God who swore with pen and pray and peace by upon who received the Holy Koran, Mohammad peace be up him and upon his dynasty, and his right way until the Doomsday, and then: God honoured his nation with the Islam and strengthened her with the Koran and eased her this eloquent Arabic togue to serve this religion. Ibn Malak classified "Al-Kafyeh Al-Shafyeh" in syntax and etymology into three thousand very, and of them he brought "the summary" which is known with "Al-Fieyyet Obn Malek in about one thousand verses. Scientists took care of it well and explained it and construed its verses for its great importance in the syntactical lesson. Its explanations grew and most connected one was Ibn A'qeel's explanation the used at our universities, in statutes schools, libraries and even our houses as its reputation excelled the others, and it met unique acceptance that gave it unequalled merit. This explanation abundantly inspired the etymologists as they widely used it and took care of it. Of them was Al-Khudari in a margin named in his name, and that was known by those who penetrated in the etymology lesson. Many couldn't get it because of its non-abundance in the libraries and you can not get it but in the university and public libraries. The Researches and studies office superintended its printing and Dar El-Fiqr carried out the correctness of Yousef El-Shiekh Mohammad El-Biqai with its vowel printing and correction in 1995. then Turki Farhan El-Mustafa briefly commented on it in 1998. For the distinction of Ibn Aqeel's explanation from others and Al-Khudari's handling with the Al- Pieyyeh in a margin completely poilowed up, as he beautified and illustrated what he could, I made this research on comparing the explanation with the margin concentrating on the necessity of the Al-Fieyyeh first and showing the explainer's creed in two consecutive chapters then each one's methodology in another chapter, then each one's resources showing their styles through arousing the studiers and etymologists interest with ascertaining to the margins which stood on the explanations. In my research, I followed the method of description analyzing and comparison using the historic chronology for the knights of this field for the sake of arriving to comparison among associates in a parallel comparison study. I divided the research into five chapters: Chapter on: in it I spoke about the importance of the Al-Fieyyeh in the etymologic lesson. Chapter two: in it I handle the etymologist Ibn Aqeel's which he tracked on the his explanation of the Al-Fieyyeh verses. Chapter three: in it I handled Al-Khudari's creed in his margin on the Al-Feyyeh and explanation. Chapter four: I specialized the speech on each one's method and style which he followed in dealing what in his hands. But the last chapter, I rendered it to each other's resources they depended on in serving what they both did linguistically etymologically and symatically and in offering them to the wishers. Of my resources to my research are the Al-Fieyyeh book for the arudite Ibn Malek, Ibn Aqeel's explanation Youse'f El-Shiekh Mohammad El-Buqar's verification and I relied on Al-Khudari's margin through controlling, vowels pointing and correcting, and another more modern edition with Turki Farhan El-Mustafa comment. I stooped on many of the etymology books like El-Nazem and Awdah El-Masalel to Ibn Hisham, and Assalek's method to Al-Ashmuni, and Al-Sattan's margin, and Al-Makudi's explanation, and others. To get information about their resources mentioned in the explanation and margin, were the Holy Koran, the Honourable Hadith and book of interpretation like Bughyet Al-Wi'ah to Al-Seyati and Ghayet El-Nehaya to Ibn El –Jazari, and Al-Alam to Zarkali and Mu'jam Al-Mualifin to Kahala. And what faced me in writing this research was lackness of studies standing on searching in Ibn Aqeel's style widely picted but of what was found of lines in the etymological school books to Salem Makram Shawqi Dief, and Bdu El-Rajhi. The same was with its methodology and resources and non-bundance of study around Al-Khudari's margin which made me to great effort in anaysing penetrating deeply into this line by line and paper by paper to help myself in doing something good in this behalf. At last I ask God for my research to be useful for my compassionate mother (the Arabic) appreciating my love to her and dignity to her status
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THE HERO IN THE PALESTINIAN NARRATIVE FROM 1993 TO 2002
THE HERO IN THE PALESTINIAN NARRATIVE FROM 1993 TO 2002 PDF |
| Ahlam Mohammad Suliman Bsharat |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Prof. Adel Abu Amsha - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 186 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract This study presents a comprehensive concept about the image of the hero in the Palestinian version-in West Bank, Gaza Strip and the occupied territories of 1948. The study covers the periods of 1993 up to 2002 in which an obvious pressure has affected the life of the Palestinians as well as their just cause, being described as a period of peace. This means that such a study portrays the Palestinian society with its people and intellectuals along with the way they cope with it and their reactions and responses towards its variables and effects. The systimaticness of this research is based on the ground of making use of other similar studies presented in this respect. It also makes attempts to supplement the efforts embodied in such studies; it mainly depends on established studies in the area of the Arab and international narration- which have focused on the character and the hero, in particular. Besides, the study registers narrative texts published in Palestine relevant to the period in which such a research has started. It looks for common grounds where most of the images of heroism presented in these novels meet, without taking into account the artistic maturity as a basis of selection, whereas the descriptive approach is the main criterion employed to describe the images of heroism in the chosen novels. The nature of this research requires that its material should be distributed between: introduction, preface, four chapters and a conclusion. In the preface, this study pursues the historical track of the hero in different literary forms: of biographies, epics, myths and literary schools which include classicism, romanticism and realism. This leads to a turning point in the traditional notion of heroism and its connotations to gain the significance over the lay man, this is evident in the transition from the traditional literary forms towards the literary schools which gradually paved the way for the vanishing of heroism in the modern narrative text. In the FIRST CHAPTER, entitled ‘Hero of the period’, this study presents five images of heroism: the hero as a leader, the hero as a negotiator, the hero as a band, the negative and dubious hero. All of these heroes appeared over defeated, as if they were in a great dilemma, in accord with the reality that seemed unexpectedly disappointing. As for the SECOND CHAPTER, entitled ‘The Hero of political trend’, the research deals with three kinds of heroism: heroism of the Islamic trend with its fanatic and temperate images, heroism of political inconsistence, heroism of being non-aligned ideologically. All of these heroes were presented in authors’ experiences of narrative texts and their political ideologies. Among the heroes present in this research, the Islamic hero appears to get out of the circle of disappointment which encompassed others. In THE THIRD CHAPTER, entitled ‘the non-historical hero’, the study presents three kinds of heroism: public heroism, women/land heroism and resistance heroism. They were all marked negatively in spite of being out of the phase of this period. Self-criticism, which dominates over the main characters even the resisting ones, marks these heroes negatively. In the last fourth chapter, entitled ‘the hero as the place’, in which it occupies the leading role. In this chapter, the study deals with two aspects of heroism: the place as the homeland vs. The exile, the place and its several connotations. Having negative dimensions, the exile makes the hero/ the place more prominent. On the other hand, the appearance of the homeland doesn’t work in such dimensions, especially as its features have been changed for the home returning figures after Oslo Treaty. The conclusion, presents the results of the study as well as the new information added to the works of the former researchers in this field. |